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Motivation Theory Literature Review - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION: Motivation is naturally conceptualized either as an desire arising from within the human being or as an impulse arising from within the organism or as an attraction arising from an object external to the individual. According to Baron (1991) defines motivation as the internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain behaviour especially goal-directed behaviour. Also (Kanfer, 1998) defines as free will element of behaviour and the psychological mechanism governing the direction, intensity, and persistence of action not due solely to individual differences in ability or overwhelming environmental demands that force action. Motivation has been defined as essential to adaptive functioning and quality of life (Marin Chakravorty, 2005), and as the content of the positive thinking one wishes to maintain towards the attainment of an objective (Schweingruber, 2006). According to (kanfer, 1990) states that challenges facing researchers into motivation is that it cannot be seen and most individual see is a multidimensional stream of behaviour and the products of those behaviours. Also states motivational processes can be inferred only from analysis of this continuing stream of behaviour that is determined both by environment and heredity and is observed through their effects on personality, belief, knowledge, abilities and skills. Besides that,(Herzberg,1987)describes movement as a function of fear of punishment or failure to get extrinsic rewards and motivation as a function of growth from getting intrinsic rewards out of interesting and challenging work. Motivation is to be intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is internal. Intrinsic motivation is obvious as the performance of an activity for its inborn satisfaction rather than for some detachable outcome. As soon as, intrinsically motivated, a person is stimulated to take action for the pleasurable or challenge entailed relatively than because of external products, pressures (Ryan et al 2000). It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance, or desire. Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors compel the person to do something. Extrinsic motivation is a pull together that pertains whenever an action is done in order to reach some detachable result. (Rayan et al. 2000).Motivation is the driving force within individuals that compels them physiologically and psychologically to pursue one or more goals to fulfil their needs or expectations. (Lam Tang, 2003, p. 61) From my understanding whatever the behaviour, the drive pushing or polling person to act in particular way is motivation and most researchers believe motivation as the drive behind human behaviour. Furthermore, people cannot be motivated to do something if there is nothing in it for them. Obviously, reward may be the avoidance of a negative outcome as much as it may be the achievement of a positive outcome. Motivation theory has to do with why do individual make the choices they make? or what makes someone persist at one activity and yet quickly give up another. Motivation is to give reason, incentive, enthusiasm, or interest that causes a specific action or certain behaviour. Motivation is present in every life function. Simple acts such as eating are motivated by hunger. Education is motivated by desire for knowledge. Motivation is a vital quality that pervades all aspects of teaching and learning. Motivated students display interest in activities, motivated teachers feel that they can help students learn and motivated administrators make possible teaching and learning in their buildings. Self-motivatio n is what most people use to define motivation at its highest mountain of accomplishments. If you are able to motivate yourself and reach your goals, you would have conquered the ability to be disciplined and will accomplish anything you put your mind to. Motivation is very important to all decisions that you have to make. In the workplace, motivation is defined by the actions that employees take to improve the company goals as well as their aspirations for career advancement. The effective performance of employees is what makes or breaks a company. So to keep employees motivated, employers must invest in the overall morale by implementing workshops and seminars to help them. Managers are the key personnel in what makes an employee follow directions. Using rewards like promotions and incentives as well as compliments can greatly improve an employees view of the company and its managers. Employees like to be recognized for their efforts regardless of the salary bracket. Such recognit ion keeps them motivated in getting their job done. Recognition in this case is the motivation technique that managers can tap into and gain the structure over the workplace environment of how they want things done. What organisation and managers can do is provide the environment, support and resources that will influence and effect motivation. Nowadays, managers are trying to find useful motivation theories to motivate their employees. While there are a wide variety of motivation theories on human motivation discussed in this literature review, which means that managers can use any or all those motivation theories to motivate their employees. Managers can use these motivation theories in ways that complement each other. MOTIVATION THEORY-MAJOR CONCEPTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS This is all about the main researchers of motivation theories and to illustrate how these theories can be apply to practical situation. Also reviewed how the major concepts and contributions can apply in work related situations and applying them in groups, teams at organisational level and individual level. Motivation is a complex concept and there are many different theories which look at the subject from different perspectives. The different theories of motivation and criticisms of the theories have been discussed as follows: 1: Hierarchy of needs theory by Maslow A.H. 2: Hygiene theory by Herzberg F. 3: X and Y theory by McGregor D.M. 4: Existence- Relatedness-Growth theory by Alderfer C. P. 5: Expectancy theory by Vroom V. 6: Goal-Setting Theory by Locke E.A. 7: Internal and External control theory by Rotter J.B. 8: Achievement theory by McClelland and Atkinson J.W. 9: Job characteristics theory by Hackman J.R. and Oldham G.R. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY: According to Maslow (1954) projected that motivation is based on a number of human need. It has to do with the hierarchy that requires the lower more basic needs to be satisfied before the increasingly less basic ones above. Maslow believed that there are five basic needs of the theory. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is one of the most famous motivation theories, and it has been the centre of much interest by management researchers (Katz, 2004). This (Fig.1) is Maslows hierarchy of needs in pyramid with physiological needs at the base, self-actualisation at the top. 5: Self- actualisation needs: Refer to personal growth and development. 4: Esteem or Ego needs: Refer to need for status and self respect. 3: Social needs: Refer to need to part of a social group and belongingness/love 2: Safety needs: Refer to security, need for shelter or physical danger. 1: Physiological needs: Refer to basic life needs, like food, drink, shelter, etc THE SELF ACTUALISATION NEED: Maslow defined self-actualization as the complete use and utilization of talents, capacities, potentialities. (Maslow,1954). Self-actualization is not a static state. It is an ongoing procedure in which ones capacities are fully, imaginatively, and cheerfully utilized. Self-actualizing people perceive life without a doubt and they are less emotional and more objective. ESTEEM OR EGO NEEDS: According to Maslow, esteem needs were made of two types of desire. I: Desire for strength, adequacy achievement, competence and confidence in the face of organisation. 2: Desire for reputation, glory dominance, recognition, appreciation and dignity Furthermore, people need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self- respect and respect. Self-Esteem expresses the normal human desire to be acknowledged and valued by others. This has to with ones internal needs for self-respect, autonomy and external needs for status and recognition. SOCIAL NEEDS: Are the third level of human needs from the (Fig 1) above. This has to do with ones needs for affection and a sense of belonging and acceptance. Human being need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance. They need to love and be loved. According to (Maslow, 1954) include the giving and receiving of affection. SAFETY NEEDS: As soon as peoples physical needs have satisfied, they will chase higher level needs, such as safety needs. Safety needs are determined by the need for security and protection from physical and emotion harm. Safety needs include: personal security, financial security, health and well-being, and a safety net or insurance for accidents/illness and the adverse impacts. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS: Are the lowest level of needs, from the (Fig 1) above which are the most basic needs for people. Physiological needs are also measured the needs for human survival. If these needs are not met, people cannot continue to function. Physiological needs include: breathing, homeostasis, water, sleep, food, excretion, and sex. According to (Sarah Steve 2002, p175)the theory engrossed criticism regarding its principle that individuals work on satisfying needs at a higher level only once all lower- level needs have been met. Also major problem facing the theory is how to measure needs, both in terms of how powerfully they are felt and of how someone knows they have been met. Furthermore, the theory is not easy to apply directly to work because need are not met through one source. HYGIENE THEORY: According to (Herzberg et al 1959) proposed his Two-Factor Theory of Human Motivation, known as Motivation-Hygiene theory. Hygiene theory is based on the principle that things people come across satisfying in their jobs are not always the opposite of things they find dissatisfying. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory is based on the results of research into the factors in a workplace that lead to employee satisfaction. Herzberg made use of a survey, titled, What do people want from their jobs? to achieve insights into what workplace factors people perceived as satisfying and dissatisfying. He asked people to describe in detail which workplace factors led to satisfaction and which factors led to dissatisfaction, and then he separated the results and classified them.Fig.2and Fig.3 show the factors that led to extreme satisfaction and dissatisfaction, respectively. Fig.2 Shows Factors that led to extreme satisfaction according to Herzberg Fig.3 shows Factors that led to extreme dissatis faction according to Herzberg According to(Robins 2001) The criticisms facing the theory, is methodology used by Herzberg does not take into account that often, when things are going well, people take the credit themselves, and when things are not , they blame others and their situation. There is on job satisfaction against which the people could rate their job. Also situational factors were not identified. Despite the criticisms the theory is a vital theory of motivation and used by managers to consider hygiene factors with regards to motivation. X and Y THEORY: Based on( McGregor, 1960)reviewed that the relationship between managers and employee could be immensely improved if the assumptions that had develop about how people behaved at work were changed from Theory X view to a Theory Y view. Basically one is positive and the other is negative. THEORY X: was based on scientific management school of thought and projected that enlarged productivity could result from breaking jobs down into small unit of work and giving workers a small range of obviously defined tasks to do. According to (Gray Stark, 1984) Employees do not like to work and want to evade work as much as possible. Employees do not want to take responsibility for the work; managers should take some actions, like convincing and supervising strategies, to help them finishing their mission. Theory X assumed that human actions are dictated by low-level needs, THEORY Y: Was based the predominant theory of management there could be no trust between management and employee. Also Small opportunity for relationship between management and employees in theory .According to (Gray Stark, 1984) employees treat work as entertainment and rest, it is natural. Employees have the ability to make creative decisions, not just managers. Theory Y assumed that human actions are determined by high-level needs. The theory X and Y can influence how motivating factors are regarded within an organisation. Theory X has to do with extrinsic rewards such as pay in order to motivate people to execute good in their job while theory Y has to do with working environment in which employees may discern intrinsic rewards in their job. EXISTENCE RELATEDNESS GROWTH THEORY: This has the similarities to Maslows needs hierarchy. Alderfer C.P. extended and simplified Maslows hierarchy into a shorter set of three needs: Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) Theory. (Alderfer, 1969) EXISTENCE NEEDS: According to (Hollyforde Whiddett 2002) Refers Existence needs as our concern with basic material subsistence motivators and size of how satisfied this need is therefore mostly stated in conditions of what one person has in relation to others. Existence needs, is based on various forms of material and physiological needs. RELATEDNESS NEEDS: Refers to theÂÂ  motivation we have in support of maintaining interpersonal relationships GROWTH NEEDS: Refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development. Relate to personal creativity and productivity. According to (Sarah Steve 2002), the theory does not suggests how a person may meet his or needs .So managers cannot presume that everyones relationship needs will be met in the same way. Also the th eory ERG theory with its three broad categories is maybe easier to deal with than the five levels of need in hierarchy of needs theory. EXPECTANCY THEORY: Vroom suggests that this theory is Based on the principle that people expect particular actions to achieve a desired result and that the desired result is something worth striving for or avoiding. Vroom does not give attention to on needs, but rather focuses on outcomes. According to (Vroom, 1964) identifies two terms the theory. 1. Expectancy: means the stronger the assurance that an act will be followed by particular outcome, the stronger the expectancy is considered to be 2. Valence: Means affective orientations toward particular outcome either positive or negative. Theory expectancy and valence of Vroom concentrated on extrinsic outcomes rather than intrinsic ones. Based on research expectancy and valence are not as distinct from each other as Vroom recommended .And one the key criticisms is that the theory was tested as if it was based on behavioural and attitudinal predictions across rather than within persons. Furthermore, expectancy theory accommodates multiple wor k outcomes in forecasting motivation and predicts motivation to work hard to earn the merit pay will be low if expectancy low (Schermerhorn J. et al 1997) GOAL-SETTING THEORY: The theory is based on the principle that individuals are motivated to achieve the successful accomplishment of challenging goal. According to (Locke, 1968) based his result on three main conclusions. 1: The more hard goals result in higher level of performance than easy goal 2: The specific goals produce higher levels of performance than general goals. 3: The behavioural intentions influence the choices people make. The Goal -Setting theory is helpful to many managers because much of people management is particularly about performance against goals. Theory has great relevance for managers. According to (Robins, 2001) Implies that Goal Setting theory is restricted to those cultures that match the ones in which the research was carried out. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL THEORY: The theory is based on locus of control. Locus of Control refers to an individuals perception about the underlying main causes of events in his/her life. According to (Rotter, 1966) invented the internal -external dimension to determine locus of control. Based on the extent to which people feel they are in control of the situations that engulfed them and also the extent to which they are convinced of directing events 1. External control: when individual feels that result of his or her actions is as the result of chance, luck as under the powerful others. 2. Internal control: When individual perceives that the occurrence is contingent upon his own behaviour. The Internal and External theory has been criticised for its centre of attention on the Internal-external dimension only as on personality variable .Besides that the theory is useful when considering motivation issues at individual level. ACHIEVEMENT THEORY: The theory is based the needs that can be classed as either Achievement(nAch), Affiliation(nAff) or Power(nPow) .Also theory is based on three factors research into behaviour in achievement-oriented activities. 1: when individual expects to receive unmistakable feedback on the marks of his or her action. 2: When individual feels liable for the outcome success or failure. 3: When individual feels a little level of uncertainty or risk in the activity Achievement theory does not explore why some people enjoyment a challenge and others fear failure. Achievement theory was not specifically about work. The theory is useful when considering why individuals react different to achieving tough goals and why they react to failure in individual ways (Sarah Steve 2002).McClelland recommends that top managers should have a high need for power coupled with a low need for affiliation. Sunil R. Cited (Kreitner kinicki 1998) JOB CHARACTERISTICS THEORY This theory is based on how to design a job so that it is motivating to individual. Also the theory deals with how individual responds to complex and challenging tasks. According to (Hackman Oldham 1976) job characteristics theory proposed that individuals intrinsic motivation is affected by psychological states: 1: Experienced meaningfulness of the work: The extent individuals perceive the job as meaningful and valuable. 2: Experienced responsibility for the outcomes of the work:-the extent individual feels personally accountable and responsible for the outcome of work done. 3: Knowledge of the result of the activities:-the extent individual knows, and understands on continuous basis how successfully he or she is performing the work Also theory has five job dimensions 1: Skill variety-this has to with number of type of skill and talents of individual. 2: Task identity-this has to with work at hand and job completion 3: task significance- this has to with job considerable impact on lives or work of other people. 4: Autonomy -All about individual in setting up the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out. (Freedom and independence at work environment). 5: Feedback-All about individual getting direct and clear result about the effectiveness of his or her performance The theory is one of the few motivation theories specific to an organisational environment and has plenty of practical application. Theory centre of attention is on facilitating0 high internal work motivation. Hackman and Oldman based their theory on motivating individual through job design. CONTRIBUTIONS: According to (Whittington Evans 2005) The Hierarchy of Needs theory proposed by Maslow has been identified as a major influencing factor in the growth of other motivation and management work, such as that of McGregor (Theory X and Theory Y) and Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene theory. It has been generally applied as a basis for much research into, among other things, workforce commitment, job satisfaction and management theory (Stum, 2001). Goal-Setting Theory by Locke has been acknowledged the best goals and dispute facing management environment and Achievement theory by McClelland has identified problems facing motive to achieve success in management work. (Sarah Steve 2002).Expectancy theory has been used to identify job satisfaction, occupational choice, the likelihood of staying in a job, and the effort that one might expand at management work. Internal and External control theory by Rotter has enhanced the concept of persistence (locus of control) in management work. The job ch aracteristics theory relies on workers insight of the job dimensions for the accomplishment of the psychological states that lead to increased motivation. APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION TO FACILITIES MANAGEMENT Facilities management regularly deals with identifying relations that humans have with their environment. According to (Smith et al., 1997) the rates of pay had very little influence on participants job satisfaction and subsequent work motivation. Some affiliation can be made at this point to Maslows lowest levels of his hierarchy of needs physiological and safety needs. Maslow argued that individuals can only move up the hierarchy of needs to the higher levels of belongingness/love, esteem and finally self-actualisation, once the lower levels had been achieved; however, the results demonstrated in this study suggest that ancillary staff can be motivated and achieve higher levels of Maslows hierarchy without having their physiological and safety needs completely fulfilled. Individuals can only move up the hierarchy of needs to the higher levels of belongingness/love, esteem and finally self-actualisation, once the lower levels had been achieved; on the other hand, the results demo nstrated in this study suggest that facilities managers can motivate their staff and achieve higher levels of Maslows hierarchy without having their physiological and safety needs completely fulfilled. McGregors Theory X and y focused on managements assumptions about employees. Theory X and Y describe the average worker from management perspective and suggest methods by which facilities manager can get the best out of worker. Herzberg studies concentrated on satisfaction at work. Herzberg came to a conclusion that certain factors tended to lead to job satisfaction.(motivators),while others led to frequently to dissatisfaction(Hygiene factors).these factor are related to job context they are concerned with job environment as an extrinsic to the job itself. Shane, S., 2001. Technology opportunities and new firm creation. Management Science 47 9, pp. 1173-1181. LATEST IDEAS ON MOTIVATION THEORY First of all, fields of management background study like leadership, decision making and organization plan persist to develop conceptually speculative developments focusing on work motivation have not held in reserve speed. These changes can have a philosophical manipulate on how companies challenge to attract, retain and motivate their employees in labour market. JOB DESIGN: This is about changing the content or process of job to increase job satisfaction and performance. This is usually easier for new organisational or new business unit. Furthermore, most organisations find themselves designing as the result of organisational change and to motivate their Staff. Job design is relating to job characteristics theory, suggests job should be design in such a way as to maximise intrinsic motivation. (Sarah Steve 2002) EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION: This gives managers strategies, to promotes positive improvement in organizations particularly motivation and performance improvement o f employees. For organization to improve well, messages should be designed in such a way as to maximise motivation. Effective communication strategies have strong effect to motivation of employees. (Sarah Steve 2002) OBJECTIVCE- SETTING: This is important to managers to focus individuals work efforts. It is important to commit employee with goals to motivate them. Most organisations applied Management by Objective (MBO) to motivate their employee. This is relating to Goal-setting, suggests individuals tend to produce higher levels of performance when they have specific goal. (Sarah Steve 2002) MANAGING VIRTUAL TEAMS: Is made of group people who regularly work mutually dependent for joint purpose across time, distance and organization. So motivating people to apply for jobs in virtual teams is one of the latest ideas. CONCULSIONS Motivational techniques, therefore, are useful to teachers, leaders, parents, employers, and almost anyone. The key is in understanding that you are not motivating someone else. Instead, you are simply providing a circumstance that triggers that person to be motivated. However, The developments in motivation and management theory. (Whittington Evans 2005) conclude that the road to building high commitment organisations requires the solid foundation laid by Maslow, McGregor and Herzberg. Motivation theories can therefore offer guidance to anyone interest in motivational issues. Motivation theories discussed above can help mangers consider how and why people are motivated. For example, Hierarchy of need theory may help manager figures out where someone is in term of the satisfaction his or her short and long term needs -which may in turn influence how they seek to create the situation that may be the most motivating. Motivation theories discussed were based on work related environme nts. However the can be applied to help individuals understand human behaviour at work. This literature review also emphasized the important of motivation theories to facilities manager with regards to working environments. Also provide frameworks enable facilities manager to manage their working environment. Finally, one of the challenge facing researchers into motivation, it cannot be seen.

Postmodernism And Its Influence On Modern Society

Postmodernism is a complex term that has tried to be describes by many different theorist in many different ways. Some say that it is so hard to define because it is an idea that emerges across and variety of disciplines. In its most basic form Postmodernism can be describes at â€Å"departure from modernism and is characterized by the self-conscious use of earlier styles and conventions, a mixing of different artistic styles and media, and a general distrust of theories† (Oxford Dictionary, 2010). So with this definition in mind we must look at modernism and the movement away from this to postmodernism. We will also look at the characteristic of postmodernism and how it is represented in the media culture. The phrase ‘postmodernism’ was used to depict a style in architecture in the early 1960’s, this style used components from the past architectural styles and combined them to create buildings. This term was coined and used by cultural and political theorist to express contemporary Western and global society, two of theorists which will be discussed is Fredric Jameson and Linda Hitcheon who have apposing views on the theory. Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. Jameson argues that a shift in the economic society began in the late 1960’s, and that the world is moving into a phase he calls â€Å"late capitalism.† Jameson view is that there is a link between the economic changes that has lead to a postmodern style of living, however that itShow MoreRelatedCulture and Worldviews990 Words   |  4 Pagespeople to determine how they should function in society. Traditional gender roles differ from culture to culture and evolve with time. In some cultures woman are taught to be caregivers and men providers. Girls are taught what is expected of them from their elders such as cooking and cleaning and boys are taught to do manual labor. These cultural expectations influence the way an individual views their function in society and others around them. Influences of worldviews Worldviews come in many formsRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1549 Words   |  7 PagesModernism and Postmodernism To begin with, to determine the meaning of postmodernism is possible only through the relationship with modernism. Modernism in modern science is understood as a kind of cultural consciousness, which is implemented in the artistic practice of symbolism, expressionism and acmeism. In the socio-historical context, it means the period of modernism in the development of culture from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, that is, from Impressionism to a new novel andRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1472 Words   |  6 PagesModernism and Postmodernism are both two important eras in design. Postmodernism takes a lot of concepts from the modernism era. Both modernism and post modernism focus on Style, Social analysis, Cultural Context, Philosophy, Politics, Human experience, Machine aesthetics, and the constant transformation of the â€Å"New†. An interesting fact of the Modernism and Postmodernism is the use of the psychology and philosophy themes 1. Sub jectivity 2.History 3. Culture and 4. Theoretically divers aestheticsRead MorePostmodernism : What Is Post Modernism?1389 Words   |  6 Pagesthat remains succinct is quite ironic as postmodernism opposes the attempt to ascribe one broad meaning to any â€Å"thing†. Postmodernism has often been referred to as the destruction of the Metanarrative. Thought-out all cultural eras society has usually had a focal point in their cultures. The age of enlightenment used God, modernists used technology, postmodernism seems to have disregarded structure all together. We can only truly understand what postmodernism is if we can understand the ideas thatRead More Social Experience and the Constructed Self Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Experience and the Constructed Self In the last few decades, our culture has adopted postmodernism as the predominant model of thought, as opposed to the modernist philosophy previously held. It is important that we understand both of these theories in order to fully understand the way that technology is shaping our thinking and our identities as individuals. Stephen Frosh, in his article â€Å"Social Experience and the Constructed Self,† explains each of these philosophies in terms of theirRead MorePostmodern Concepts Influence on Museology934 Words   |  4 Pagesmuseum classifications which determine the audiences’ perspectives on exhibitions. Postmodernism is highly influential and appealing because it is avant-garde (challenging past traditions). People appreciate new concepts, especially those that challenge the concept of art. The process of curation not only considers the organisation of the exhibition but is highly influenced by conceptual frameworks, postmodernism being part of the world agen cy. Museum classifications affect different audience perspectivesRead MoreEssay about Summary and Analysis on Practices of Looking915 Words   |  4 Pagesmovements such as Realism and Cubism, the chapter draws out the history of concepts of realism in images. It analyzes the occurrence of visual knowledge, from cinematography to the Internet and how they have influenced the way images are portrayed in society. This chapter, in whole, presents an analysis of how the meanings of images have altered over time. The concepts of the mass media and the public sphere are observed in chapter five of Practices of Looking. It discusses a little about the historyRead MorePostmodernism Is An Argument For Understanding Contemporary Families1169 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent is postmodernism useful in understanding contemporary families? There are many ways to define the word family. ‘For some it is easy to define what the family should be, namely a heterosexual conjugal unit based on marriage and co-residence.’ (Silva and Smart, 2004) Which follows on and connects with the definition that a family is a fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their children. (Oxford Dictionaries / English 2017) However, in today’sRead More Social Psychology Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many explanations for the origins of modern social psychology. It is therefore important to consider that social psychology cannot be traced back to one single source of origin (Burr, 2003). Hence, this is the reason why there are debates of what social psychology is. Allport (1985) described social psychology as the study an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours which are influenced by the actual, imagines, or implied presence of others. As seen from this def inition there isRead MoreThe View of Humanity and Morality; as seen through Modern Literature725 Words   |  3 PagesModern literature is a reflection of modern society, and the ways in which humanity is valued has greatly impacted the modern age. The view of humanity is the effect of a worldview. One of the most important places in which to observe the view of humanity is in the United States. For over half of the 20th century, the US population was divided; this division was not between the states or north and south. This division was in every county, town and city. The entire nation was segregated; blacks

What Can Be Done to Help the Homeless Essay - 583 Words

Did you know that there are 5 times as many vacant and empty houses than there are homeless people (Truthdig)? That’s right, homeless people are sleeping and living on the streets, unknowing of the hundreds upon thousands of empty homes they could be occupying! But alas, they sleep on the streets, beg for money, and scavenge for food in dumpsters, hoping for a way to pull through for the night. Homelessness is important because there are 3.5 million homeless people on the streets, maybe even more (National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness). They are starving on the streets, desperate for a job and a warm place to sleep. Of those 3.5 million homeless people, 1.7 million are teenagers. 75% of all homeless teens use drugs or†¦show more content†¦The U.S. can also raise the minimum wage to help end homelessness if they decide not to lessen the prices of houses (National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness). There is nowhere in the U.S. that th e minimum wage is high enough to afford a market-rate one bedroom apartment (Family Promise). They could also improve health care, not only for the homeless people, but for the people in need of health care (National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness). In 2009, Barack Obama created a program to help end homelessness (National Alliance to End Homelessness). It focused on rapid re-housing and prevention of homelessness rather than soup kitchens and shelter (National Alliance to End Homelessness). But realistically, what can we do to help end homelessness? There are many things you can do to help homelessness today. One of them is volunteering at a soup kitchen to help feed the homeless (Do Something). You could tutor homeless children at shelters (National Coalition for the Homeless). You could also donate items such as food, clothes or even survival kits (National Coalition for the Homeless). Maybe you could work at a shelter to help the people running the shelter (Nat ional Coalition for the Homeless). You could even convince friends and family to help end homelessness by having them come with you (National Coalition for the Homeless)! The next time you see a homeless family or person, don’t just ignore them as ifShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jonathan Kozol s Untouchables 879 Words   |  4 Pagesthe homeless what do you think about? Do you see them and feel disgust or are you someone who wonders how and why they are where they are, or maybe, you are one of the few who want to help and who are able to. In the U.S., more than 3.5 million people experience homelessness each year and that number is growing. They are families with little children, people who are trying to escape domestic violence, people with mental illness, veterans who have served our country, and many more. From what I readRead MoreHomelessness And The United States863 Words   |  4 Pagesessay describes the hardships of homelessness and what can be done to help these peo ple. Helping the Homeless Many people have gotten to experience what life is like in big cities or small rural communities. Often times, these places have a population of wealthier people and an area of poorer families. What many do not experience is what it is like to be homeless in these places. Homeless men, women and children can be seen under bridges, on front stoops, in cars, andRead MoreCauses of Homelessness Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesdown upon those who are poor. Stereotypes include poor people who are viewed as lazy, jobless, criminals, or un-educated. When I think of a homeless individual, I would agree with most of the stereotypes and find within the reading and researching that there is more to just the mental perceived thoughts. I think one big cause of being in poverty or being homeless is by the choices people make. By choices I mean the way that people choose to spend their money. A budget is hard for many in this typeRead MoreThe Problem Of A Program1465 Words   |  6 Pages200 million people that are homeless, which is including the recorded 1 million children as well. This is an obvious issue because there is no need for there to be homeless when there are available resources to help them. They have programs put in place to help out the homeless, but it is not working because they do not have the resources to do everything that needs to be done.. We need to create a system or a program that receives donations that will help out the homeless individuals in China, adultsRead MoreHomelessness : Is It Difficult For People? Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesfood, and the government should step in to help control the growth of homelessness in America. Firstly, why is it difficult for people to escape homelessness ? â€Å"Because of our housing shortage, rents have gone up 28% since 2000. Over the same period, renters median incomes fell 8%. The result is an untenable situation: More than 250,000 households in Los Angeles pay 90% or more of their income on rent.† maybe drug test should be administered to homeless people for a house and food to maintain balanceRead MoreThe Problem Of Senior Homelessness1360 Words   |  6 Pagesreflects those born in this era. Being homeless, especially in these late years of life, causes for many problems related to health and mortality. Individuals under these circumstances lack mobility resulting in disability, lack health care and necessary resources such as food water and shelter, and are also put at risk to mental illnesses as well as substance abuse. While identifying the major risks associated with homelessness in the elderly population, a plan can be addressed and put into actio n toRead MoreThe Problem Of The Lgbt Homelessness852 Words   |  4 Pagesonly certain races are homeless but that is not true. Thirty nine percent of Non-Hispanic whites are homeless compared to seventy six of the general population. Forty two percent of African-Americans are homeless compared to eleven percent of the general population. Thirteen percent of Hispanics are homeless compared to nine percent of the general population. Four percent of homeless are Native-American compared to one percent of the general population. Two percent of homeless were Asians (â€Å"facts†)Read MoreThe Licking County Coalition For Housing870 Words   |  4 Pagesaverage of about 13,000 homeless people in Ohio and the number has continued to rise since then. Nearly 300 people are homeless in Licking County during any given night.(LCC Housing, 2011) The most outstanding statistic from the Licking County Coalition for Housing in 2011 was that the average age of a homeless person is the age o f only nine years old. That means, for every homeless man or women that is seen on the streets, there is two to three children who are also homeless. Families are the majorityRead MoreMental Illness, Drug And Alcohol Abuse1476 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol abuse. These are considered to be some of the main problems associated with homelessness. According to Hertlein, (2010) when it comes to the homeless, they should be able to participate in â€Å"critical role of decision-making both in leading to homelessness as well as recovering from homelessness becomes apparent in the first year of being homeless. And, the major factors underlying their decision-making include â€Å"emotional reactivity, negative entitlement, emotional/relational wounded, impulsivityRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless People1278 Words   |  6 PagesHomeless people are one of the major problems with america today, it is a very big problem that needs to be dealt with. There is more than 3.5 million homeless people in america, this includes men, women, kids, veterans, and the elderly (Home aid). 44,359 homeless people and the 26% of Angeleno residents who live in poverty -- and who are falling into homelessness at the rate of 13,000 a month† (Homeless. Hungry. Help.) ,lozz.oThis quote is important because it is true. There isn’t enough housing

Im the King of the Castle Essay Example For Students

Im the King of the Castle Essay Thinking of the phrase Im the king of the castle brings back memories of childish games and friendly dominance. As a child you have vanquished your foe and gained superiority over the rest of your kingdom. The plight for this feeling of control is the main theme of Susan Hills Im the king of the castle, and is the fuel which drives this tragic tale of two isolated childrens exploration into the nature of cruelty and the power of evil. The book is set in the 1960s in the town of Derne, Dorset, but the main focus lies in Warings, an estate where Edmund Hooper and his father live. Warings is an isolated country house with great grounds surrounding it, including a vast wood known as Hang Wood. The different settings show off the two main characters strengths and weaknesses, and definitely are a huge part of the quest for superiority, with Edmund having the immediate home advantage. Edmund Hooper and Charles Kingshaw are eleven-year-old boys. Charles mother Helena has been hired at the Warings estate as an informal housekeeper, but deep down it seems that she is just there to give Joseph Hooper his desired companionship. Both Helena and Joseph are widowed, have recovered from their loss, and now are in search for what they used to have. It looks like their falling in love is inevitable. Charles arrival was vastly unwelcome for Edmund from the start, as Edmund made obvious by dropping him a note when he first arrives, reading I DidnT Want You To Come HerE. This short sentence makes it perfectly clear that the boys wouldnt be friends immediately, and are most likely to be enemies. This concept of invading someones home and trying to take it over has connotations with medieval times of castles and knights. Edmund feels threatened by the new arrivals; Its my house, he thinks, it is private, I got here first. Nobody should come here. Edmund liked his way of life before, Warings was the castle, and he was king, now there are intruders which he just cant accept. Edmund appears to be a natural born leader; one of his hobbies is drawing up battle plans. When hes on his home ground, Everything is mine, and nothing is yours, he believes, in a rather spoilt Kingly manner. Edmund knows his castle back-to-front, he sees all and knows all, making Kingshaw desperate. How could he compete with that? Kingshaw is a very determined person. He is very proud, he refuses to just be the dirty rascal, he wants to be king. When his father died he lost the crown, in his view he has to reclaim his rightful place on the throne. He will be king or at least die trying. He knows that he cant surrender to Hooper, at any costs. In the worst of times he tries to hide his despair and disbelief, not letting Edmund see his weakness, but Edmund can see through him. He knows how to manipulate a situation to his advantage, in his castle he has no weakness, here he is a natural born bully. Edmund uses his knowledge of Warings as a means of torture. For example the eerie red room shows how he has grown used to everything that an outsider may be scared of. Mrs. Helena Kingshaw does not help her sons case. She is staying in a castle and wants this to remain a long-term job; she wants to be queen, and she wants a better life for herself. She has to side with her future king, Joseph Hooper. Everyone is allied with Edmund against Charles. Within the castle Edmunds power faces no serious opposition, but once removed he quickly loses self-control and therefore control over everything around him. .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .postImageUrl , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:hover , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:visited , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:active { border:0!important; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:active , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adventures Of Huck Finn And Morality EssayHe is not used to being away from his castle, his fort, and does not know how to react. His kingdom slips away as he becomes hysterical in the unfamiliar territory of Hang Wood, and later Leydell Castle. Theyll never find us, he says when lost, even if they send a hundred people, they might not ever find us. Charles takes advantage of Edmunds extreme weakness and seizes power. This does not last long though, as they do get rescued and return to Warings. It is as if the whole scene had never happened; Edmund has regained his throne and gathered an even greater advantage. Charles experienced what he may never get again; he was built-up to be knocked down. On the trip to Leydell Castle Hooper was vulnerable again. Kingshaw could see his chance. When climbing up a wall Edmund got scared and could not move: Ill fall off, Ill fall off, Kingshaw my handsll slip I dont like it, I dont like it. I dont want to see down. This is contrary to what youd expect from the title of the novel, which suggests surety and confidence in ones position. Hooper for a moment does not want to be the king of the castle. The title infers pride and dominance, not cowardice and subservience. Charles knew that Edmund was depending on him to get down, he had complete control. I could kill him, I could make him fall just by looking at him There is nothing I cant ask him for, nothing he wont promise me. Up here, Im the king. This is Charles Kingshaws climax; the greatest feeling for him is summarised in the title of the novel, he has the potential to change everything at this point. The title of Hills novel reflects the ultimate aim of the two main characters. They are so consumed by the task of achieving and retaining their kingdom that they are blind to anything else. Having reached his peak Kingshaw is forced back into complete inferiority. After all hes been through, this is too much for him to bear. Charles just cant accept his given role. He has reached his low, but still sees things getting worse; any ray of hope has disappeared. Susan Hill leaves Charles Kingshaw with only way to escape Edmunds tyranny: to take his own life. It is only through this tragedy that he can finally be free. When he saw Kingshaws body, upside-down in the water, Hooper thought suddenly, it was because of me, I did that, it was because of me, and a spurt of triumph went through him.

Media Production Log Essay Example

Media Production Log Essay In this area I will research and looking for certain information about the magazine covers which am I choosing to work in the main task in media studies. By the end of the lesson in media studies, I will deciding the brief about what task I doing in media, so I choose to do PRINT task because its easy to do and also my brother doing this brief task so maybe my brother also influence me to do this task. When I research in internet search engine (www. google. com) I research about the magazine front cover, then I found a website which is all about explaining the semiotics (means study of sign and symbols) in teenage magazine. In this information a found in Google maybe I will read this information because this will be helpful to me to do my task about the magazine In the task is music magazine cover because I have some knowledge on how to make a music magazine, because when I was doing a media studies in last year (2007) I choose also magazine cover. So in this brief task I doing is I have idea and techniques to do this task and also music is one of my favourite hobbies. 03/06/09 Research and find information and pictures in making a music magazine cover. Computer (Internet) Magazine. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Production Log specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Media Production Log specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Media Production Log specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Library (Library is really good source of information to find good research about this task made in media. I found lots of information on the magazine covers, which is in internet. The magazine and the library means also my resources to help me to create my own magazine cover. In these sources I found some ideas on creating my own music magazine cover. This kind of source which is the best guidelines to search for making magazine cover because I see beautiful pictures, and found some techniques on how to build my own magazine cover, and other information related in magazine. Maybe I will barrow a camera from the head teacher Mr. Baptiste to take a picture to my task in magazine cover so that I will provide a good practical work in my work. I will use my old work in magazine cover in last year so I will use as a guidelines to make better marks. In this day I forget to borrowing camera to Mr. Baptiste which is to taking pictures. But the good thing is we have a camera at home so that I have a chance to take my own pictures of making a music magazine 03/07/09 03/08/09 (Week end) In this 2 days day off of school, I will used my time to find a good suitable pictures for my magazine cover, and more information of magazine task The sources I needed is Camera which is taking pictures, Internet which I search some suitable information and guidelines In these two days off in school, I will must find my pictures on my own music magazine cover, and other pictures which are include for making my own music magazine cover. This two days day off in school, the obstruction to not doing my coursework in media is working, which I cannot do my work. And the last thing are playing in computer games and going hangout with my friends. 03/11/09 I will buy a original music magazine in store which is also needed in this course Money Bus pass This day is I go in town centre to buy an original magazine to photo copy the pages of magazine and I analysing the different information using media terminology. I will find other nearly store in my place which is no wasting time and also money. 03/17/09 Working on Production Report of my new music magazine cover Computer Microsoft word 2003 Internet In this day I will work on production report which is the main task of making new music magazine cover. In production report I will work on my brief, planning of production within the magazine cover, my main target audience, constructing the production and evaluation. Maybe I will find different types of sources to improve my coursework in this subject. 03/17/09 Reviewing and checking my own questionnaires about music magazine cover. Computer Microsoft word 2003 In these 2 lessons in media studies, I will change all corrections of my questionnaires within my music magazine cover. Because Mr. Baptiste checking my questionnaires to make sure that the questionnaires about the music magazine is correct. This is important because to make sure that my work is correct and to make high grades/marks of this subject. In this days, I hope that Mr.Baptiste quickly done on photo copying of my questionnaires. So means that I will work on my next level of this work, like giving questionnaires to the people and making questionnaires results. 03/10/09 Explaining and analysing my music magazine which Mr. Baptiste already photocopy the important pages within my magazine. Microsoft word In this day I will explaining my music magazine which I explain the front cover, article pages and the back pages of the magazine, so I explaining the media terminologies which are the denotation / connotation, the semiotics, message values and the masthead on the magazine. I have only 3 lessons on this day so I have a time to do this work. In this free period of my time, I going out in school to find other places that have music magazine and also research some information related in music magazine. 03/23/09 Giving music magazine questionnaires in the public My questionnaires Camera (which taking pictures those people I give questionnaires. I will give my own questionnaires which all about music magazine in the public. Then I will bring camera to take pictures those people that I give questionnaires which means I have evidence that I giving this questionnaires outside in the school. This is important in part of my foundation coursework in media to ensure that I will get good marks in media studies. Because I shown that I will work with my own practical work in ideas on doing this work. I will call Kevin to help me to take pictures those people I giving questionnaires and maybe I will come other places that more walking people, this would help me to answer all questionnaires that I make in music magazine.

The Importance of Formal Writing

The Importance of Formal Writing Because of the dramatic changes in writing that have resulted since the advent of the Internet and mobile devices, the lines between formal writing and casual writing have blurred. For example, when writing an email to a friend or posting to a social networking site, it is acceptable to use informal writing. However, in other cases, such as when writing a business report, an email to a boss, or a thesis, the writing style must be more formal. Thus, it is important to identify your audience and the appropriate style of writing to use by keeping in mind what you are writing and to whom. This article will discuss some guidelines for formal writing.Emoticons should never be usedFirst of all, it is never acceptable to use emoticons, including smiley faces, sad faces, winks, etc. Never. I suggest finding another way to tell your boss you are very happy about your raise or you may be finding another job!Use proper spellingUse correct spelling all of the time. This includes avoiding short fo rms and only using words that are found in the dictionary. When in doubt, look it up. This means that you must write tonight instead of 2nite and because instead of bc. The shortened versions are just too informal. In addition, informal spelling is often difficult to decipher.Use proper punctuationUnless you want to sound like an overly excited teenager writing a text message, you should limit yourself to one exclamation point, regardless of how excited you might be when writing a sentence. The same applies to question marks and to the ellipsis (which should have only three dots). In addition, you should also void the ampersand (); write out the word and.Use full wordsContractions are appropriate only for conversational use and for informal writing, never for technical or formal writing. Note that the full form of cant is one word: cannot not can not. You should also avoid using abbreviated words such as TV and photo and use the full versions such as television and photograph.Avoid using colloquial words/expressionsInformal writing might utilize nouns like:contraptionfirekidhow comequoteA formal writer would prefer:devicedismisschildwhyquotationInformal writing may sound more like conversation while formal writing should be more polished.Avoid using first and second person pronounsFormal writing often tries to be objective, and the pronouns I and you tend to imply subjectivity. Instead, use words such as one, ones, the reader, the authors, etc. For example:Informal: You should sleep eight hours each night.Formal: One should sleep eight hours each night.Avoid the use of clichà ©sIn order to ensure that your writing is professional, you need to use a basic language that all English speakers will understand. Therefore, do not use clichà ©s or idioms that people may not understand. There are certainly much better ways of expressing your thoughts. Clichà ©s are perhaps the most common hallmark of informal writing. Rather than saying someone had a cow, just simpl y say they were very upset. The reader will still get the picture. Here are some more examples of clichà ©s to avoid:Good things come to those who wait.Never a dull moment.Writing on the wall.Calm before the storm.Do not write as you would speakSo, like, you know, I totally dont even do that OMG! To ensure you are maintaining a formal tone, you need to leave out words and phrases that are not essential to conveying your point. For example, avoid using well, like, for sure, you know, and similar phrases.Do not start a sentence with a coordinating conjunctionIn formal writing, do not use coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, so, or or to start a sentence. Coordinating conjunctions are meant to join words, phrases, and clauses and, therefore, it is awkward to begin a sentence with one. Consider attaching the sentence that starts with a coordinating conjunction to the previous sentence, substituting the period for a comma to produce a compound sentence. You can also use transitio nal adverbs such as:additionally or moreovernevertheless or howevertherefore or thusalternatively or instead or otherwiseAvoid using the word getTry to avoid all forms of this verb and replace it with a more formal, descriptive verb. For example:Informal: I got an A in the course.Formal: I received an A in the course.Informal: She didnt get the joke.Formal: She did not understand the joke.Informal: The machine never gets used.Formal: The machine is never used.Familiarize yourself with formal writingOne of the best ways to become familiar with formal writing is to read it. Newspapers, magazines, business reports, and journal articles are great sources of formal writing. They can also help you expand your vocabulary.ProofreadIf your e-mail to a friend has a small typographical error, it is likely not a big deal. However, a typographical error in an e-mail to your boss appears very unprofessional. Therefore, proofreading is an integral part of formal writing. This often involves revisi ting a document after some time has passed since you wrote it or printing out the document and reviewing it line by line. Alternatively, you can ask a peer to review it.Finally, the above-referenced examples illustrate just some of the differences between formal and informal writing. The main thing to remember is that both are correct, it is just a matter of tone and setting. As you can see in this article, I have attempted to walk the fine line between both formal and informal.

Change management - elaboration on points highlighted with blue text Essay

Change management - elaboration on points highlighted with blue text - Essay Example This is because the strategy is short-term and assumes a simple link of cause and effect. On the other hand, systemic thinking attempts to structure a long-term solution. Using outside consultants, for example, may be a good reductionist response but in systemic thinking terms it limits the opportunities for that system to learn to solve its own problems. Another example is that of a departmental manager who focuses solely on his tackling issues by looking into the resources in his own department without ever considering external agents that could be responsible for any of the undesirable results. This limits the scope and efficiency with which the problems can be solved. Senge explains the different responses from reductionist and systemic views in chapter 4. Whether understanding a city or a living creature, he argues that a holistic approach is the only effective cure for problems. However, Senge does not mention that complex systems could benefit from short and long term solutions. In nature and in business, some things do develop in separate units and short-term changes are possible in some cases without unintended long-term effects. Manufacturing units, for instance, are complex units made up of many interacting units such as people, departments, technology, routines and structure (Fernandez, McCarthy & Rakotobe-Joel, 2001). The whole system or the whole organization is reduced to manageable individual parts. By studying the individual manageable parts, the leaders or the managers can formulate rules about the behaviour of the whole system. Thus, adopting a reductionst approach can at times be beneficial for organization such as Delap & Waller because it has several functional departments with dispersed locations. In simple terms, the tradeoff between the reductionist and systemic views can be described

Marginalization in Haiti, Peru, Russian Term Paper

Marginalization in Haiti, Peru, Russian - Term Paper Example The Russian Federation, Haiti, and Peru are classified as developing countries, which is mainly due to the unevenness of their respective people’s access to national resources. There are small numbers of extremely rich and powerful individuals enjoying the national wealth while a large group of the populations remain marginalized and kept aloof from the resources and political power.   Regardless, the former kind of marginalization is manifested in the three countries, especially among members of the middle-class segment of the populations. The population segment face marginalization in terms of access to higher education, comprehensive medical care, proper nutrition, and adequate housing due to poor paying jobs and lack of adequate training. However, some members of the group enjoy food stamps, fair-priced housing, universal elementary education, and access to emergency health care. However, these safety nets are inadequate and are usually overstretched by other pressures such as overpopulation. For instance, constant natural disasters such as floods have usually exposed substantial numbers of Haitian middle-class, for instance, to the problem of overstretched rescue teams and medical resources (Kidder Chapter 3). Certainly, these populations live in extremely trying situations and feel marginalized by the fewer more, affluent members of the society.  On the oth er hand, abject poverty which is the focus of the protagonist and his community is attributed to a lack of any safety net for vast populations. The group is represented by the lower-class populations of Russia, Haiti, and Peru who cannot access footwear, safe water for drinking, basic education and health care (Kidder Chapters 4 and 5). In addition, those who are in abject poverty are completely marginalized in terms of access to housing as evidenced in inadequate floor area, leaking roofs, improper furniture, and walls or other finishing.  Ã‚     

Germany increase in Britain in the 1936-1939 Essay Example for Free

Germany increase in Britain in the 1936-1939 Essay The policy of appeasement had reached its heights by the period between 1936 and 1939. It was felt by many to be the best policy at the time, as it allowed Britain to buy herself some valuable time in order to delay the inevitable war. Opposition during 1936, when appeasement was first seen as really taking the forefront of foreign policy, was small and weak. However it was by 1939 that the opposition had swelled gradually under opposition leaders such as Churchill to the point where there were only few people who truly believed that a long-lasting period of peace would arise from this idea of appeasing the enemy. Over this period of time, both public opinion and Parliamentary opinion would lean towards the opposing side, based a series of factors that had changed in this 3 year span of time. A poorly-prepped military and defense services, a lack of trustworthy allies, Hitler’s legitimate claims and a change in public opinion all contributed towards a shift in beliefs. Opposition to the policy of appeasing militaristic powers began to grow after Hitler took power in Germany and it became clear to many in Britain that he would carry out his expansionist aims. Some of appeasements most vocal opponents came from within government, from people such as Winston Churchill and the Labor party, more significant was the publics strong anti war stance beginning to slowly shift as they learnt more of Hitler and the rise of fascism. However this did not mean that they were strongly in favor of pursuing war with Germany as Chamberlain was greeted like a hero when he returned with â€Å"peace for our time† following the Munich Agreement. Having already known of how crippling the economic costs were following WW1 the idea of pursuing conflict with another foreign power was considered unacceptable. This was compounded by the fact that events occurred so soon after the Wall Street Crash, Britain simply could not afford another major loss of her monetary funds in order to prepare for war. Appeasement was believed to be the answer to Britain’s needs, by deploying a policy of appeasement Britain could use the time it gained to find allies and develop British defenses and technology. By 1936 intelligence reported that German rearmament was already under way and that Britain had to get its armaments up to a sufficient standard. However in order for armament spending to increase the Government would have to raise taxes and focus their spending upon military. A raise in taxes would also inevitably lead to public outcry and loss of government support. Even if sufficient funds were acquired in order to reach the amount of armaments needed there was only one working armaments factory in the whole of Britain that could produce weapons fit for modern warfare. Due to the Ten Year Rule the state of Britains armed forces was essentially desolate, this meant that much of Britain’s armed forces required updated weaponry if it ever were to stand a chance against Hitler’s formidable Third Reich. For example Spitfires and radar were rather new to the world of air defense systems, however they were in short supply at the beginning of 1936 despite it being British technology. Spending focus upon defenses was suggested by the Inskip Report as opposed to any other offensive tactics. However, after 1938 the readiness of the British army had certainly improved, and Chamberlain had confidence that if war was to come, Britain would be ready to take Germany on. German power had been exaggerated greatly, especially the power of the Luftwaffe through propaganda and the sheer numbers who attended the infamous Nuremburg Rallies. The time bought with appeasement had consequently allowed Britain to build up a strong naval blockade in order to strengthen its naval security and rearmament spending increased sufficiently. During this period the Territorial Army had also doubled in size. Appeasement provided Britain with extra time to develop her armaments and develop a defense plan in preparation of the oncoming war. There was little opposition to this from the officials in Parliament, however as the military and defense services were brought back to their former strength, the idea of opposition started to re-emerge. One of Britain’s key aims during the period was the perpetual search for a strong ally, by averting the war through appeasement, Britain had given herself time to try and ally her herself with the USA. While the USA may have followed an isolationist policy she was still the largest power in the world and would have been a strong diplomatic and military ally. France was something of a wreck, thanks to Britains doing, and had tried her best to prepare herself for German invasion by creating the Maginot Line the previous decade. Britains desire for allies had even turned eastwards in the direction of the USSR, who until that point had only been seen as a need to allow Germany to rearm. However, the Communist nation could have helped the Western powers against Germany and Japan in the Far East. At first appeasement was used to try and gain favour with any potential allies. However, as opposition grew the lack of emerging allies forced Britain to try ‘kindling’ a relationship with the USSR. It was believed by many, specifically Chamberlain, that Hitler had legitimate claims for his conquests in Europe. The reoccupation of the Rhineland was enough to be seen as a legitimate grievance even though it was outlawed in 1919 at Versailles. Despite this, Britain did not see her as a sufficient threat just yet and refused to act upon the reoccupation. By 1936 Germany had gained the status of ‘Ultimate potential enemy’ and this led to a concern that Germany would be enticed by Italian and Japanese expansionist aims, and considering they were also ‘UPEs’ this could spell further disaster for Britain. With the Mediterranean under threat and the Suez Canal with it and the Empire in the Far East under constant vigilance, trade and the Empires safety were put as higher priorities than Germany. Even the union between Germany and Austria had little effect, the Anschluss was not opposed by Chamberlain, considering that that a staggering amount of those in Austria rejoiced at the idea of being reunited. Rather than try to cause conflict by splitting them up, appeasement allowed them to get back together without much trouble. This act of appeasement found little opposition within Parliament, however as 1938 approached opposition started to gain a foothold, Hitlers reactions were becoming increasingly aggressive- Kristallknacht had shown a far darker and more menacing side to the dictator and had displayed to many the true extent of the oppressive regime within Germany. This was seen as a repeat of The Night of the Long Knives four years previous. Hitler’s grievance at first seemed to be legitimate and therefore was a driving reason as to why Britain continued to appease Germany. Nevertheless as his tactics became more aggressive and he started to threaten the surrounding countries it became apparent that appeasement no longer satisfied him, this led to critics of Chamberlains policies such as Churchill developing a larger power base against appeasement. British public opinion swayed greatly throughout the period and vastly impacted British foreign policy. Although the fear of rearmament was strong in the public opinion, it was the additional fear of the outbreak of war that started to swing their opinions towards appeasement during 1936-38. The Spanish Civil war had provided a glimpse of what future warfare would be like, and the terrifying realization of the destructive power one country could inflict on another was nothing like what had been previously experienced. In 1937, Guernica had showed the devastation that could be brought about by terror-bombing. This served as another reason why appeasement should be maintained as it was considered a more sound option than sparking a war, this was something that the public supported wholeheartedly. However it was clear that attitudes had started to change as 1938 approached. Opinion polls had gradually started to show support for other methods, as shown in the 1938 poll which asked what Britain should do if Germany acted hostile to Czechoslovakia as a large proportion of polls suggested that Britain should rearm and prepare for conflict. Still highly influenced by public opinion, Government policy seemed to switch to a more anti-German undertone. This switch was seen in the increased rearmament revenue expenditure in 1938. The public now wanted Britain to take on a stronger stance against Germany and this resulted in increased pressure upon Chamberlain to boost the armys numbers. At first public opinion was strongly in favor of appeasement, this was due to reluctance of diving into another war war. However when war was no longer avoidable, it was within public interest that Britain prepare for war in any way she could. Opposition to appeasement did increase between 1936 and 1939, but at a steady pace. Appeasement was originally pursued in order to protect British interests; the protection of her Empire, finding suitable allies, and preparing for war via defense and military spending, as well as to prepare the public that war was coming. Opposition to Hitler and the appeasement of Germany did increase between 1936 and 1939, but at a steady pace as the true aims of Hitler became evident and it became clear that the British government could not make him back down. In parliament the stance of the labour party had changed drastically from favouring. The public’s willingness to support independent states at this time shows that it was Hitlers continued actions in 1938 that pushed many people into opposing appeasement or even advocating war. Churchill was used as a figurehead in which opposition to appeasement could rally behind. Appeasement was originally pursued in order to protect British interests; the protection of her Empire, finding suitable allies, and preparing for war via defense and military spending, as well as to prepare the public that war was coming, however towards the end of the period when Hitler started to set his sights on further expansion the mood changed in Britain and appeasement was no longer a feasible option.

GMOs Essay -- Science DNA Papers

GMOs What is a GMO? A GMO, or genetically modified organism, is a virus, bacterium, or more complex life-form in which the DNA has been altered for a particular purpose. Some of these purposes include: research into the nature of genes and biological processes, manufacturing animal proteins, correcting genetic defects, and making improvements to animals and plants (Natural Environment Research Council). Making improvements to animals and plants is a major motivation to produce GMOs. With a world population on its way to 9 plus billion by the year 2050, a viable option for sustenance production is needed. With this ever-growing world population there is a need for somehow controlling the amount of people born. China is one country which has dealt with their overcrowding problem, but it seems that many of the other countries of the world are not doing much if anything to control their own populations. Because of this lack of action in controlling the world population, the need is shifted to how we will pr ovide for all those people. GMOs are a way in which we as a world population can better provide for ourselves so that everyone will have enough provisions to survive. How is a GMO created? GMOs have been created naturally for millions of years. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one example of a natural genetic engineer because it is able to alter another organism’s DNA to benefit itself. This species of soil-dwelling bacteria infects plant cells with a piece of its own DNA, and when it is integrated with the plant’s chromosome, it uses the plant’s own cells to proliferate the population of the bacteria. The way in which the bacterium does this is through the use of its bacterial chromosome and a plasmid, which is ... ...info/articles/myths.html Murphy, Paul. (2004, May) Gene firm pioneers desert crops. Retrieved October, 23, 2004 from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0,2763,1221662,00.html Natural Environment Research Council (n.d.). GMOs and the Environment: Scientific certainties and uncertainties. Retrieved October 3, 2004 from: http://www.nerc.ac.uk/publications/gmo/ Read, Deborah. (2000, December) Use of Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes in Genetically Modified Organisms. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from: http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/resources/Publications/pdfs/ER-GI-01-1.pdf Shelton, Anthony M. (2000, March) Bt Crops on Trial. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from: http://www.foodsafetynetwork.ca/gmo/pr-bt-crops-on-trial.htm UNFPA. (2004) Population Growth is Still an Issue. Retrieved November 25, 2004 from: http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2004/english/ch1/page7.htm#1 GMOs Essay -- Science DNA Papers GMOs What is a GMO? A GMO, or genetically modified organism, is a virus, bacterium, or more complex life-form in which the DNA has been altered for a particular purpose. Some of these purposes include: research into the nature of genes and biological processes, manufacturing animal proteins, correcting genetic defects, and making improvements to animals and plants (Natural Environment Research Council). Making improvements to animals and plants is a major motivation to produce GMOs. With a world population on its way to 9 plus billion by the year 2050, a viable option for sustenance production is needed. With this ever-growing world population there is a need for somehow controlling the amount of people born. China is one country which has dealt with their overcrowding problem, but it seems that many of the other countries of the world are not doing much if anything to control their own populations. Because of this lack of action in controlling the world population, the need is shifted to how we will pr ovide for all those people. GMOs are a way in which we as a world population can better provide for ourselves so that everyone will have enough provisions to survive. How is a GMO created? GMOs have been created naturally for millions of years. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one example of a natural genetic engineer because it is able to alter another organism’s DNA to benefit itself. This species of soil-dwelling bacteria infects plant cells with a piece of its own DNA, and when it is integrated with the plant’s chromosome, it uses the plant’s own cells to proliferate the population of the bacteria. The way in which the bacterium does this is through the use of its bacterial chromosome and a plasmid, which is ... ...info/articles/myths.html Murphy, Paul. (2004, May) Gene firm pioneers desert crops. Retrieved October, 23, 2004 from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0,2763,1221662,00.html Natural Environment Research Council (n.d.). GMOs and the Environment: Scientific certainties and uncertainties. Retrieved October 3, 2004 from: http://www.nerc.ac.uk/publications/gmo/ Read, Deborah. (2000, December) Use of Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes in Genetically Modified Organisms. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from: http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/resources/Publications/pdfs/ER-GI-01-1.pdf Shelton, Anthony M. (2000, March) Bt Crops on Trial. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from: http://www.foodsafetynetwork.ca/gmo/pr-bt-crops-on-trial.htm UNFPA. (2004) Population Growth is Still an Issue. Retrieved November 25, 2004 from: http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2004/english/ch1/page7.htm#1